Shubhra Verma
M.Sc Bioinformatics
Department of Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Technology
Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Bioinformatics is the study of biological data using information tools. Bioinformatics is a combination of computer, mathematics algorithm and statistics with concept in life science to solve biological problem. The main task of bioinformatics is to manage and analyse the biological data. Bioinformatics has a number of applications in animal as well as in plant biology.
Drug designing by the use of bioinformatics tools and software is on the height. Now-a-days CADD (Computer-Aided Drug Design) is very much helpful in discovering new drug. In plant biology, these tools are helpful in improving crop, improving nutrition quality. It also helps in studying medicinal plants with the help of proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and helps in improving the quality of traditional medicinal material. Genomics helps in providing massive information to improve the crop phenotype. Bioinformatics have tools to analyze biological sequences like DNA, RNA and protein sequences. ‘Multiple alignment’ provides a method to estimate the number of genes in the gene families and also in the identification of the previously undescribed genes. The multiple alignment information helps in studying the gene expression pattern in plants. Computational tools are very much helpful in identification of ergonomically important gene by comparative analysis between crop plant and model species. Bioinformatics mainly deals with - 1. DNA, RNA and protein sequence 2. Molecular structure 3. Expression data.
Drug designing by the use of bioinformatics tools and software is on the height. Now-a-days CADD (Computer-Aided Drug Design) is very much helpful in discovering new drug. In plant biology, these tools are helpful in improving crop, improving nutrition quality. It also helps in studying medicinal plants with the help of proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and helps in improving the quality of traditional medicinal material. Genomics helps in providing massive information to improve the crop phenotype. Bioinformatics have tools to analyze biological sequences like DNA, RNA and protein sequences. ‘Multiple alignment’ provides a method to estimate the number of genes in the gene families and also in the identification of the previously undescribed genes. The multiple alignment information helps in studying the gene expression pattern in plants. Computational tools are very much helpful in identification of ergonomically important gene by comparative analysis between crop plant and model species. Bioinformatics mainly deals with - 1. DNA, RNA and protein sequence 2. Molecular structure 3. Expression data.
Application of Bioinformatics in Plants
Bioinformatics have number of applications in plants:
1. Single gene analysis - Single gene analysis include DNA, RNA and protein sequences. These are the most fundamental at the molecular level.
2. Biochemical pathways - KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a database that contain contains all the metabolic pathways which help in understanding the high level function and utilities of the biological system.
3. Molecular techniques - There are some online tools for the designing of primer. Eg: primer premier, Primer3, GenScript.
2. Biochemical pathways - KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a database that contain contains all the metabolic pathways which help in understanding the high level function and utilities of the biological system.
3. Molecular techniques - There are some online tools for the designing of primer. Eg: primer premier, Primer3, GenScript.
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| Online tools for designing primer |
4. Sequence similarity -NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) tool and BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) use dynamic programming algorithm which helps in searching of similarity between two different species. The dynamic programming finds the similarity between two species sequences by the use of substitution matrix and gap penalties.
5. Modelling of protein: Protein structure can be easily determined by the use of various tools of bioinformatics like Swiss Model from the sequence. There are number of tools available for the modelling of the protein.
Role of Bioinformatics in Plant Sciences Research
1. Crop improvement: The storage and interrogating the data has become an expanding challenge after the introduction of next generation sequencing techniques. Bioinformatic techniques have replaced the molecular marker technology with high throughput screening. But now bioinformatics which has developed number of database. The most important database EST (expressed sequence tag) database consists of ESTs drawn from the multiple cDNA. EST has an application in the discovery of new genes, genomes and identification of the coding regions in the genomic sequences. SSRs are the short stretches of DNA sequence which are present at the tandem repeats. EST is highly polymorphic due the mutation which affects number of units. They are highly polymorphic due to mutation affecting the number of repeat units. These short sequences help in genetic co-dominance. The hyper- variability of short sequence repeats among related organisms makes them excellent markers for genotype identification, analysis of genetic diversity, phenotype mapping and marker assisted selection. By the use of bioinformatics we can easily identify the short sequence repeats and can bring improvement in crop.
2. Insect resistance: Plants are made resistant to insects by incorporating desire gene to the plant. The first resistant plant was made by incorporating the cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is bacterial species which increases the soil fertility and protect the plant from pests. The genes of the Bt can be incorporated into the plant gene.
3. Plant breeding: Plant genomics helps in understanding the genetic and molecular basis of all biological process. Understanding of genetic and molecular basis helps in developing new cultivars with improved quality and reduced economic and environmental cost. Now-a-days the Genome program is an important tool for the plant improvement. This genome programme helps in identifying the key genes and their function. This genome project generates data, which includes sequence information, markers etc. These data are then distributed to the multinational research community. The bioinformatics helps in the submission of all data through ENTREZ Global Query Cross-Database Search System to the public domain. This helps in retrieving sequence from the NCBI. The bioinformatics helps in providing rational annotation of genes, proteins and phenotypes. By the use of bioinformatics tools relationship between plant data can be elaborated.
4. Improve nutritional quality: There are various ways of improving nutrition quality. It can be improved by the redirection of the cellular activity, by the modification of the enzymatic transport and by regulating the function of the cell. Various tools are available to identify the genes. With the advances in the proteomics and glycomics, there are various tools for the analysis of primary and secondary metabolic pathways.
5. Development of drought resistant varieties: Drought resistant varieties can be developed by identifying the drought tolerance genes and alleles. Various tools have been developed to study the physiology, expression profiling, comparative genomics. The KEGG database contains all the metabolic pathways like the pathway for the carbohydrate production. Genes in the ABA production pathway are important for the development of drought resistant varieties. KEGG databases can be important in identifying the pathway for carbohydrate production and ABA production. After the identification of the pathway the genes involved in the same pathway are studied for the development.
1. Crop improvement: The storage and interrogating the data has become an expanding challenge after the introduction of next generation sequencing techniques. Bioinformatic techniques have replaced the molecular marker technology with high throughput screening. But now bioinformatics which has developed number of database. The most important database EST (expressed sequence tag) database consists of ESTs drawn from the multiple cDNA. EST has an application in the discovery of new genes, genomes and identification of the coding regions in the genomic sequences. SSRs are the short stretches of DNA sequence which are present at the tandem repeats. EST is highly polymorphic due the mutation which affects number of units. They are highly polymorphic due to mutation affecting the number of repeat units. These short sequences help in genetic co-dominance. The hyper- variability of short sequence repeats among related organisms makes them excellent markers for genotype identification, analysis of genetic diversity, phenotype mapping and marker assisted selection. By the use of bioinformatics we can easily identify the short sequence repeats and can bring improvement in crop.
2. Insect resistance: Plants are made resistant to insects by incorporating desire gene to the plant. The first resistant plant was made by incorporating the cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is bacterial species which increases the soil fertility and protect the plant from pests. The genes of the Bt can be incorporated into the plant gene.
3. Plant breeding: Plant genomics helps in understanding the genetic and molecular basis of all biological process. Understanding of genetic and molecular basis helps in developing new cultivars with improved quality and reduced economic and environmental cost. Now-a-days the Genome program is an important tool for the plant improvement. This genome programme helps in identifying the key genes and their function. This genome project generates data, which includes sequence information, markers etc. These data are then distributed to the multinational research community. The bioinformatics helps in the submission of all data through ENTREZ Global Query Cross-Database Search System to the public domain. This helps in retrieving sequence from the NCBI. The bioinformatics helps in providing rational annotation of genes, proteins and phenotypes. By the use of bioinformatics tools relationship between plant data can be elaborated.
4. Improve nutritional quality: There are various ways of improving nutrition quality. It can be improved by the redirection of the cellular activity, by the modification of the enzymatic transport and by regulating the function of the cell. Various tools are available to identify the genes. With the advances in the proteomics and glycomics, there are various tools for the analysis of primary and secondary metabolic pathways.
5. Development of drought resistant varieties: Drought resistant varieties can be developed by identifying the drought tolerance genes and alleles. Various tools have been developed to study the physiology, expression profiling, comparative genomics. The KEGG database contains all the metabolic pathways like the pathway for the carbohydrate production. Genes in the ABA production pathway are important for the development of drought resistant varieties. KEGG databases can be important in identifying the pathway for carbohydrate production and ABA production. After the identification of the pathway the genes involved in the same pathway are studied for the development.
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Very Good and systematic information. Looking forward for some more articles on Plant Bioinformatics.
ReplyDeleteThanks kavya for the appeciation.
DeleteThanx a lot kavyaa
ReplyDeleteVery Helpful!!!
ReplyDeleteVery Helpful!
ReplyDeleteThank you sir g so very helpful a lots thanks once again
ReplyDeleteThanks for the information. I hv done m.sc. botany and diploma in bioinformatics. I just wanted to know that where I can find Job opportunity ,so I can use knowledge of botany as well as bioinformatics.
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